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Tatar–Russian code-switching is a code-switching language of the urban population of Tatarstan, and is spoken predominantly among bilingual Tatars. It is based on the Tatar language, but many spoken forms are from Russian language. In some cases one can start a phrase in Tatar and end it in Russian or vice versa. Sometimes only single Russian words are incorporated into Tatar speech, or vice versa. Speaking Tatar words, one can use Russian order of words. The same situation is similar to Bashkir–Russian, Chuvash–Russian and many other code-switching of Russian minorities. ==Usage of code-switching == Tatar–Russian code-switching is used in several cases: * Russian remains the most common language in urban areas of Tatarstan and other Tatar-populated areas. Several generations of Tatars speak fluent Russian. Often, when constructing a sentence, they use Russian order of words. Being an inflexional language, Russian differs from Tatar, which is an agglutinative language. Even when speaking Tatar conjunctive words that don't exist in Turkic languages are inserted. Even archaic literary language used Arabic and Persian conjunctive words, not all of them are used in modern urban speech. Most of urban Tatars graduated from Russian schools and they have no idea how use some constructions other than in Russian, especially if those constructions were not in use in Tatar-speaking generations. Examples are ''mojet'', ''naverno'', ''potomuchto'', ''nüjäli'' (''neuzheli''), ''konechno'' instead of ''bälki'', ''ixtimal'', ''çönki'', ''çınlap ta'', ''älbättä'' (''maybe'', ''probably'', ''because'', ''really?'', ''of course''). ''Brat'' is used to describe all brothers, although Tatar has two different words for older and younger brothers: ''abí'' and ''ene'' correspondingly. * Some concepts have appeared only after Russian language became dominant. Even when those words have counterparts in the literary Tatar language, they are traditionally used in Russian form. Example: ''Arkhitekturnyj institut'' instead of ''Arxitektura institutı'' (''Architure Institute'') * Sometimes it is used because many Russian phrases have a unique meaning such as ''Kuzkina mat'' (see Tsar Bomb). * Often well known Tatar terms sound much longer than equivalent Russian terms: ''bezopasnyj'' -> ''qurqınıçsızlı''. * The youngest generation use Russian slang words. * Often one who can speak pure Tatar language uses a mix to communicate with the younger generation, as it is more understood by Russians and Tatars who don't speak the native language well. * In areas such as science and technology, where the most of Tatar words are of Russian origin, it is usual to conjunct them with Russian phrases. * In some cases, Tatar words are used in Russian speech to convey a meaning that the Russian word does not have or to provide "Tatar color" to the sentences. For example, well-known phrases by all Tatarstan communities: ''Alla birsä'' (''God willing''), ''maturım'' (''my beauty''), ''canım'' (''my soul''): the last two for lovers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tatar–Russian code-switching」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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